Tissues and Issues

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Glia are the supporting cells of nervous tissue and significantly outnumber neurons. These cells differ by region of the nervous system. Astrocytes support neurons, especially near synapses, and provide a protective barrier surrounding blood vessels. Oligodendrocytes are found in the white matter of the central nervous system. Large projections from these cells wrap around the axon of a neuron insulating it to allow for faster projection of impulses. Xie, J. et al. Substrate elasticity regulates adipose-derived stromal cell differentiation towards osteogenesis and adipogenesis through β-catenin transduction. Acta Biomater. 79, 83–95 (2018). Although the group is a place to share worries and support, the members were keen to say how much fun they have too, and that they'll be there to welcome anybody with open arms, cups of tea and definitely lots of cake. Costs of volunteer expenses, publicity and first aid kit etc for walking group out of community hub in Foxhole. Alcaraz, J. et al. Laminin and biomimetic extracellular elasticity enhance functional differentiation in mammary epithelia. EMBO J. 27, 2829–2838 (2008).

Provides communication within the body via hormones and directs long-term change in other organ systems to maintain homeostasis Polymyositis and dermatomyositis . These are two related diseases in which there is inflammation of the muscles (polymyositis) and skin (dermatomyositis). Symptoms of both diseases can include: Lulevich, V., Yang, H. Y., Isseroff, R. R. & Liu, G. Y. Single cell mechanics of keratinocyte cells. Ultramicroscopy 110, 1435–1442 (2010).

Muiznieks, L. D. & Keeley, F. W. Molecular assembly and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix: a fibrous protein perspective. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1832, 866–875 (2013). Dhume, R. Y. & Barocas, V. H. Emergent structure-dependent relaxation spectra in viscoelastic fiber networks in extension. Acta Biomater. 87, 245–255 (2019). Leigh said she initially felt anxious about joining the group-as many new members do, but she encourages people to make that first step towards getting the support they need. She said: "If you want, I will meet you at the door so you're not on your own."

Passive immunity is protection that comes from another person, for example, when a newborn is temporarily immune to certain diseases because their mother has immunity. Why is immunity important?Yamashita, J., Furman, B. R., Rawls, H. R., Wang, X. & Agrawal, C. M. The use of dynamic mechanical analysis to assess the viscoelastic properties of human cortical bone. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 58, 47–53 (2001).

Tenorio, L. E. M., Devine, K. J., Lee, J., Kowalewski, T. M. & Barocas, V. H. Biomechanics of human parietal pleura in uniaxial extension. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 75, 330–335 (2017). Yip, A. K. et al. Anisotropic traction stresses and focal adhesion polarization mediates topography-induced cell elongation. Biomaterials 181, 103–112 (2018). Poh, Y.-C. et al. Material properties of the cell dictate stress-induced spreading and differentiation in embryonic stem cells. Nat. Mater. 9, 82–88 (2009). Frenzel, T., Kadic, M. & Wegener, M. Three-dimensional mechanical metamaterials with a twist. Science 358, 1027–1032 (2017).

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Leal-Egaña, A. et al. Tuning liver stiffness against tumours: an in vitro study using entrapped cells in tumour-like microcapsules. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 9, 113–121 (2012).